What kind of flow causes buffeting within an aircraft?

Buffeting within an aircraft is primarily caused by unsteady airflow. This type of airflow is characterized by fluctuations in pressure and velocity, which can occur around different surfaces of the aircraft, particularly during maneuvers, when the aircraft approaches its stall speed, or when it encounters turbulent conditions.

Unsteady airflow leads to changes in the aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft, resulting in vibrations or oscillations—collectively known as buffeting. This phenomenon can serve as a warning that the aircraft is entering a region of reduced control effectiveness or is nearing its aerodynamic limits.

Steady airflow, on the other hand, would not cause these rapid changes in pressure and force and would typically result in smoother operation without the turbulent flow characteristics that contribute to buffeting. Consistent airflow implies a uniform velocity and direction; similarly, warm airflow does not inherently involve the fluctuations that cause buffeting. Thus, the nature of unsteady airflow is critical to understanding the occurrence of buffeting in flight.