What causes buffeting in an airplane?

Buffeting in an airplane is primarily caused by unsteady flow from turbulence. This phenomenon occurs when the smooth airflow over the wings and control surfaces is disrupted, leading to fluctuating pressures and aerodynamic forces. In certain conditions, such as when an aircraft encounters turbulent air, the airflow can become chaotic, impacting the stability and control of the airplane. This unsteady flow creates vibrations or oscillations felt throughout the aircraft, known as buffeting.

It's essential to understand that while steady flow can have its challenges, it generally maintains a consistent aerodynamic environment, which is less likely to cause the dynamic disturbances associated with buffeting. Other factors like high-speed turns or payload imbalance may contribute to handling difficulties or stress on the aircraft, but they do not directly induce the kind of unsteady airflow that results in buffeting. Recognizing the relationship between turbulence and aircraft performance is crucial for understanding how to manage these situations effectively.